I.
ACTIVE
AND PASSIVE SENTENCE
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TENSES
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ACTIVE
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PASSIVE
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Simple Present
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S + V1 + s/es + O
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O + to be + V3 + by + S
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ex: Tom cleans the room
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Ex: The room is cleande by tom
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Simple Past
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S + V2 + O
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O + to be(past) + V3 + by + S
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ex: Tom cleaned the room
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Ex: The room was cleaned by tom
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Simple Future
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S + will + V1 + O
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O + will + be + V3 + by + S
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ex: Tom will clean the room
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ex: The room will be cleaned by tom
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Present Continious Tense
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S + to be + V-ing + O
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O + to be + being + V3 + by + S
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ex: Tom is cleaning the room
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ex: The room is being cleaned by
tom
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Past Continious Tense
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S + to be(past) + V-ing + O
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O + to be(past) + being + V3 + by + S
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ex: Tom was cleaning the room
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ex: The room was being cleaned by
tom
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Future Continious Tense
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S + will + be + V-ing + O
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O + will + be + being+ V3 + by + S
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ex: Tom will be cleaning the room
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The room will be being cleaned by
tom
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Present Perfect
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S + have/has + V3 + O
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O + have/has + been + V3 + by + S
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ex: Tom & Jerry have cleaned
the room
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The room has been cleaned by tom
& jerry
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Past Perfect
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S + had + V3 + O
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O + had + been + V3 + by + S
|
|
ex: Tom & Jerry had cleaned the
room
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ex: The room had been cleaned by
tom & jerry
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|
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Future Perfect
|
S + wiil + have + V3 + O
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O + will + have + been + V3 + by + S
|
|
ex: Tom & Jerry wil have
cleaned the room
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ex: The room will have been cleaned
by tom & jerry
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CONDITIONAL
SENTENCE
type 1
|
if +
|
Simple Present ,
|
+
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Simple Future
|
|
(
S + V1 + O )
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(
S + will + V1 + O )
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||
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ex: if i learn about english, i will pass the
exam
|
|||
pengandaian
untuk masa yang akan datang (belum terjadi sekarang)
type 2|
if +
|
Simple Past ,
|
+
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Past Future
|
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(
S + V2 + O )
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(
S + would + V1 + O )
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||
|
ex: if i cooked rice, i would eat rice
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|||
pengandaian
untuk masa lalu yang dibicarakan saat ini, if disini dibaca "jika
saja"
type 3|
if +
|
Past Perfect ,
|
+
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Past Perfect Future
|
|
(
S + had + V3 + O )
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(
S + would have + V3 + O )
|
||
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ex: if i had loved her, i would have married
her
|
|||
pengandaian
untuk kejadian masa lalu yang benar-benar tidak bisa diubah
DEGREES OF
COMPARISON
formula:
1.
Superlative Degree = when we compare more than
two persons or things with one another.
Perbandingan
kata sifat "paling/ter...". pada umumnya digunakan untuk
membandingkan 3 benda/lebih.
the
most + adjective / the + adjective + est
the
superlative + nouns + in
the
superlative + of
the
superlative + noun
ex: - Management is the most interesting
lesson in the world
- Economy is the funnest thing in my life
- This is the most expensive car
- He is the richest man in the country
2.
Comparative Degree = when we compare two persons
or two things with each other
Untuk
membandingkan 2 benda/orang sekaligus
more
than + adjective / adjective + er
Comparative
+ than
ex: - The need of survive is most reasonable than
the need of grow
- Management is easier than economy
- My house is bigger than his house
- this car is more expensive than that one
3.
Positive Degree = when we speak about only one
person or thing
Untuk
membandingkan 2 benda/orang yang tingkatannya sama, baik sifat, bentuk atau
bagian lainnya
as
+ adjective + as
no
less + positive + than
not
+ as + positive + than
ex: - The english examination as easier as management
examination
- She is not as beautiful as her sister
note: - most/more digunakan untuk
> 2 suku kata
- ...est/...er digunakan untuk < 2 suku kata
II.
PRESENT
PERFECT TENSE
formula
1
(+) S + have/has + V3
+ since/for + time
(-) S + have/has + not+ V1
+ since/for + time
(?) have/has + S + V1
+ since/for + time ?
ex: Tody has walked for 2 hours
formula
2
(+) S + have/has + been +
adv + since/for + time
(-) S + have/has + not+ adv
+ since/for + time
(?) have/has + S + adv +
since/for + time ?
ex: Macbeth has been here for 3 years
#Different
|
Simple Present Tense
|
Present Perfect Tense
|
|
Meaning
: have/has
- punya
- memiliki
|
Meaning :
have/has
- telah
- sudah
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|
ex: I
have harry potter novel chapter 3
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ex: I have run
my bicycle for 4 hours
|
III.
SIMPLE
FUTURE TENSE
model 1
(+) S + will + V1
+ O
(-) S + will + not + V1
+ O
(?) will + S + V1
+ O ?
ex: (+) Britney will love brad
(-) Britney will not
love brad
(?) Will britney love
brad ?
model 2
(+) S + will + be + adj/adv
+ O
(-) S + will + not + be +
adj/adv + O
(?) will + S + be + adj/adv
+ O ?
ex: (+) Britney will love brad
(-) Britney will not
love brad
(?) Will britney love
brad ?
IV.
GLOBAL
MARKET
Market
|
Indonesian
|
Western
|
|
Traditional :
·
Haggle/negotiation
·
dirty
·
basic marketing
|
Supermarket :
·
no haggle/ no
negotiation
·
clean
·
good marketing
|
GLOBAL
MARKET
characteristic of perfect market :
o
Perfect market
information
o
No participant with
market power to set price
o
Non intervention by
goverment
o
No barriers to entry
or exit
o
Equal access to
factors of production
o
Profit maximization
o
No externalities
Global
markets means no tax,
so
that makes the consumers get cheaper prices
V.
MULTINATIONAL
COMPANY
e.g.
: cocacola company, mc donald's sinarmas group
Definition : A company that has its cenral in one
country, but this company also has its production base or marketing base in
other countries.
Character of multinational company :
o Having other companies in many companies
o Vision and strategies which are used is globally, which
means, the product or service that is made can be used by all people in the
world
o Particularly in manufacture bussiness
o Has it branch in developed country
International
company = hanya mengekspor produknya ke luar negeri.
Multinational
company = mempunyai cabang perusahaan di luar negeri.
ADVERB
Clause = terdiri dari
beberapa kata yang ada kata bendanya.
Frasa = terdiri dari
beberapa kata yang tidak ada kata bendanya.
ADVERB CLAUSE
Definition
: Adverb clause are clauses that function as adverb.
in
making adverb clause, you need subordinating
conjunctions.
ex.
of subordinating conjunctions :
·
Time signifier : after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as soon as, whenever, by
the time.
·
Condition signifier : if, wheter or not, provided, in case, unless, even it.
·
Cause and effect : because, as since, in order that, now that, in as much as, how that.
·
Contrast : Though, although, while, whercas, even though.
e.g. : After she eats the apple, she begans to have a deep sleep
Adverb
clause
VI.
ORDER OF
ADJECTIVES
Adjective
usually come in this orders :
|
1
|
2
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3
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4
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5
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6
|
7
|
8
|
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General Opinion
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Spesific Opinion
|
Size
|
Shape
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Age
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Color
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Nationality
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Material
|
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e.g.
Nice
Bad
|
e.g.
Beautiful
Handsome
Ugly
|
e.g.
Big
Small
Medium
Narrow
Wide
Large
|
e.g.
Round
Square
Triangle
|
e.g.
Young
Old
New
Mature
|
e.g.
Red
Blue
Yellow
Black
White
|
e.g.
Japanese
Indonesian
Chinese
European
Korean
Asian
English
|
e.g.
Wall
Handmade
|
ex:
a delicious tasty hamburger a lazy fat
white skin english man
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General opinion Spesific opinion General opinion Size
Color Nationality Noun
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