Sabtu, 04 April 2015

Materi Bahasa Inggris Semester 1 Fak. Ekonomi Univ. Gunadarma

 I.            ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE


TENSES
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Simple Present
S + V1 + s/es + O
O + to be + V3 + by + S
ex: Tom cleans the room
Ex: The room is cleande by tom
Simple Past
S + V2 + O
O + to be(past) + V3 + by + S
ex: Tom cleaned the room
Ex: The room was cleaned by tom
Simple Future
S + will + V1 + O
O + will + be + V3 + by + S
ex: Tom will clean the room
ex: The room will be cleaned by tom
Present Continious Tense
S + to be + V-ing + O
O + to be + being + V3 + by + S
ex: Tom is cleaning the room
ex: The room is being cleaned by tom
Past Continious Tense
S + to be(past) + V-ing + O
O + to be(past) + being + V3 + by + S
ex: Tom was cleaning the room
ex: The room was being cleaned by tom
Future Continious Tense
S + will + be + V-ing + O
O + will + be + being+ V3 + by + S
ex: Tom will be cleaning the room
The room will be being cleaned by tom
Present Perfect
S + have/has + V3 + O
O + have/has + been + V3 + by + S
ex: Tom & Jerry have cleaned the room
The room has been cleaned by tom & jerry
Past Perfect
S + had + V3 + O
O + had + been + V3 + by + S
ex: Tom & Jerry had cleaned the room
ex: The room had been cleaned by tom & jerry
Future Perfect
S + wiil + have + V3 + O
O + will + have + been + V3 + by + S
ex: Tom & Jerry wil have cleaned the room
ex: The room will have been cleaned by tom & jerry




CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

type 1
if +
Simple Present ,
+
Simple Future
( S + V1 + O )
( S + will + V1 + O )
ex: if i learn about english, i will pass the exam

pengandaian untuk masa yang akan datang (belum terjadi sekarang)


type 2
if +
Simple Past ,
+
Past Future
( S + V2 + O )
( S + would + V1 + O )
ex: if i cooked rice, i would eat rice

pengandaian untuk masa lalu yang dibicarakan saat ini, if disini dibaca "jika saja"



type 3
if +
Past Perfect ,
+
Past Perfect Future
( S + had + V3 + O )
( S + would have + V3 + O )
ex: if i had loved her, i would have married her

pengandaian untuk kejadian masa lalu yang benar-benar tidak bisa diubah


DEGREES OF COMPARISON

formula:
1.      Superlative Degree = when we compare more than two persons or things with one another.
Perbandingan kata sifat "paling/ter...". pada umumnya digunakan untuk membandingkan 3 benda/lebih.
the most + adjective  /  the + adjective + est
the superlative + nouns + in
the superlative + of
the superlative + noun

ex:      - Management is the most interesting lesson in the world
             - Economy is the funnest thing in my life
             - This is the most expensive car
             - He is the richest man in the country

2.     Comparative Degree = when we compare two persons or two things with each other
Untuk membandingkan 2 benda/orang sekaligus
more than + adjective  /  adjective + er
Comparative + than

ex:      - The need of survive is most reasonable than the need of grow
             - Management is easier than economy
             - My house is bigger than his house
             - this car is more expensive than that one

3.     Positive Degree = when we speak about only one person or thing
Untuk membandingkan 2 benda/orang yang tingkatannya sama, baik sifat, bentuk atau bagian lainnya

as + adjective + as
no less + positive + than
not + as + positive + than

ex:      - The english examination as easier as management examination
             - She is not as beautiful as her sister

note:     - most/more digunakan untuk > 2 suku kata
                   - ...est/...er digunakan untuk < 2 suku kata

      II.            PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

formula 1
(+) S + have/has + V3 + since/for + time
(-) S + have/has + not+ V1 + since/for + time
(?) have/has + S + V1 + since/for + time ?

ex: Tody has walked for 2 hours

formula 2
(+) S + have/has + been + adv + since/for + time
(-) S + have/has + not+ adv + since/for + time
(?) have/has + S + adv + since/for + time ?

ex: Macbeth has been here for 3 years

#Different
Simple Present Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Meaning : have/has
                    - punya
                    - memiliki
Meaning : have/has
                   - telah
                   - sudah
ex: I have harry potter novel chapter 3
ex: I have run my bicycle for 4 hours



III.            SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
model 1
(+) S + will + V1 + O
(-) S + will + not + V1 + O
(?) will + S + V1 + O ? 
ex: (+) Britney will love brad
         (-) Britney will not love brad
         (?) Will britney love brad ?

model 2
(+) S + will + be + adj/adv + O
(-) S + will + not + be + adj/adv + O
(?) will + S + be + adj/adv + O ?

ex: (+) Britney will love brad
         (-) Britney will not love brad
         (?) Will britney love brad ?
IV.            GLOBAL MARKET
Market
Indonesian
Western
Traditional :
·        Haggle/negotiation
·        dirty
·        basic marketing
Supermarket :
·        no haggle/ no negotiation
·        clean
·        good marketing

GLOBAL MARKET
characteristic of perfect market :
o   Perfect market information
o   No participant with market power to set price
o   Non intervention by goverment
o   No barriers to entry or exit
o   Equal access to factors of production
o   Profit maximization
o   No externalities

Global markets means no tax,
so that makes the consumers get cheaper prices


 V.            MULTINATIONAL COMPANY
e.g. : cocacola company, mc donald's sinarmas group
Definition : A company that has its cenral in one country, but this company also            has its production base or marketing base in other countries.

Character of multinational company :
o   Having other companies in many companies
o   Vision and strategies which are used is globally, which means, the product or service that is made can be used by all people in the world
o   Particularly in manufacture bussiness
o   Has it branch in developed country

International company = hanya mengekspor produknya ke luar negeri.
Multinational company = mempunyai cabang perusahaan di luar negeri.


ADVERB
Clause = terdiri dari beberapa kata yang ada kata bendanya.
Frasa = terdiri dari beberapa kata yang tidak ada kata bendanya.

ADVERB CLAUSE
Definition : Adverb clause are clauses that function as adverb.
in making adverb clause, you need subordinating  conjunctions.
ex. of subordinating conjunctions :
·        Time signifier                     : after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as soon                                                as, whenever, by the time.
·        Condition signifier         : if, wheter or not, provided, in case, unless, even it.
·        Cause and effect             : because, as since, in order that, now that, in as much                                                as, how that.
·        Contrast                                 : Though, although, while, whercas, even though.

e.g. : After she eats the apple, she begans to have a deep sleep
 


                                                         Adverb clause

VI.            ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Adjective usually come in this orders :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
General Opinion
Spesific Opinion
Size
Shape
Age
Color
Nationality
Material
e.g.
Nice
Bad
e.g.
Beautiful
Handsome
Ugly
e.g.
Big
Small
Medium
Narrow
Wide
Large
e.g.
Round
Square
Triangle
e.g.
Young
Old
New
Mature
e.g.
Red
Blue
Yellow
Black
White
e.g.
Japanese
Indonesian
Chinese
European
Korean
Asian
English
e.g.
Wall
Handmade
ex:
a delicious tasty hamburger                                         a lazy fat white skin english man
 


               General opinion         Spesific opinion                               General opinion    Size    Color    Nationality    Noun

1 komentar:

  1. Sangat bermanfaat.. Terimakasih atas pembelajarannya.
    silahkan kunjungi blog kami :) My Blog

    BalasHapus

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